The Persians, ruled by Karim Khan and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand,[5] invaded southern Iraq[6] and after besieging Basra for a year, took the city from the Ottomans in 1776.

[7] The Ottomans, unable to send troops, were dependent on the Mamluk governors to defend that region.

[8] As a result, the Persians held Basra until 1779 when the Ottomans, under Sulayman Agha,[9] retook the city, following Karim Khan's death.

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