Supported by:Adal SultanateGujarat Sultanate The Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (Portuguese: Guerra Turco-Portuguesa, Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu-Portekiz İmparatorluğu çekişmesi, 1538–60) were a period of conflict during the Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations and series of armed military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along with regional allies in and along the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea.

After the voyages of Vasco da Gama, a powerful Portuguese Navy took control of the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century.

Selim entered into negotiations with Muzaffar Shah II of Gujarat, (a sultanate in northwest India), about a possible joint strike against the Portuguese in Goa.

Bahadur Shah, the son of Muzaffer II, the ruler of Gujarat who had negotiated with Selim, appealed to Constantinople for joint action against the Portuguese navy.

[9] In 1538, he sailed to India via the Red and Arabian Seas, only to learn that Bahadur Shah had been killed during a clash with the Portuguese navy and his successor had allied himself with Portugal.

At Massawa, governor Estevão da Gama responded to an appeal to assist the Christian Ethiopian Empire against invading Adalite forces.

In the Battle of Wofla, Somali and Turkish forces defeated the Portuguese, Da Gama was captured, and upon refusing to convert to Islam, executed.

[citation needed] Gelawdewos was eventually able to reorganize his forces and absorb the remaining Portuguese soldiers, defeating and slaying Gragn at the Battle of Wayna Daga, marking the end of the Ethiopian-Adal war (although warfare would resume not long after, at a much-diminished scale).

A fleet dispatched by Suleiman consisting of 30 ships and Ottoman soldiers arrived in Diu to help the Gujarati forces besiege the city.

After around 7 months of fighting, Portuguese reinforcements from Goa arrived under the command of João de Castro and the Muslim forces were routed.

In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Basra captured the fort of Qatif on the Arabian Peninsula, owned by a vassal of the Portuguese, the King of Hormuz.

The Portuguese, together with their Hormuzi vassals successfully sieged and captured the fort from the Ottomans, whose garrison fled under the cover of the night.

Three years later Piri Reis sailed out from Suez again with 30 ships and the goal of wresting Hormuz Island, the key to the Persian Gulf, from Portugal.

In 1553, the Portuguese soundly defeated an Ottoman fleet led by Murat Reis the Elder in the Battle of the Strait of Hormuz.

While trying to sail out of the Persian Gulf, he encountered a large Portuguese fleet commanded by Dom Diogo de Noronha.

[16][circular reference] In the largest open-sea engagement between the two countries, Murat was defeated by the Portuguese fleet and had returned to Basra.

When the Portuguese Viceroy knew in Goa of their presence in India, he dispatched two galleons and 30 warships on October 10 to the city, to pressure the governor to hand over the Turks.

In early 1556, two Portuguese galleys under the command of João Peixoto sailed into the Red Sea to collect information regarding Ottoman preparations at Suez.

Finding the city asleep, Peixoto landed with his men and killed many, including the ruler, and captured considerable spoil.

[20] In 1559 the Ottomans laid siege to Bahrain, which had been conquered by the Portuguese in 1521 and ruled indirectly since then,[21] but the forces led by the Governor of Al-Hasa were decisively beaten back.

The original Ottoman goals of checking Portuguese domination in the ocean and assisting Muslim Indian lords were not achieved.