Outline of Puntland

The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the sultanates' respective administrations.

[9] In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions.

[10] An Anglo-Italian border protocol was later signed on 5 May 1894, followed by an agreement in 1906 between Cavalier Pestalozza and General Swaine acknowledging that Badhan fell under the Majeerteen Sultanate's administration.

[9] With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of Italian colonial rule, both Kingdoms were eventually annexed in the early 20th century.

[11] However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.