Padishah

[3][4][5][6] Middle Persian pād may stem from Avestan paiti,[7] and is akin to Pati (title).

However, in some periods it was used more generally for autonomous Muslim rulers, as in the Hudud al-'Alam of the 10th century, where even some petty princes of Afghanistan are called pādshā(h)/pādshāʼi/pādshāy.

[8] The rulers on the following thrones – the first two effectively commanding major West Asian empires – were styled Padishah: The compound Pādshah-i-Ghazi ('Victorious Emperor') is only recorded for two individual rulers: Like many titles, the word Padishah was also often used as a name, either by nobles with other (in this case always lower) styles, or even by commoners.

The Habsburg emperors were consequently denied this title and addressed merely as the "kings of Vienna" (beç kıralı).

[15] With the Peace of Zsitvatorok in 1606, it was the first time that the Sublime Porte recognized Rudolf II as equal of the padishah.