[1] In 1823, a Spanish order declared that military officers commissioned in Spain would take precedence over those appointed in the colonies.

[2] Many Creole military officers were outranked by their Peninsular counterparts.

Madrid did not notice the growing disaffection in the Philippines, the last major Spanish colony in Asia.

In 1828, matters worsened when Peninsulars replaced public officials, primarily provincial governors.

In 1828, two Palmero brothers, scions of a prominent clan in the Philippines, along with the other partisans from the military and the civil service, planned to seize the government.