It is believed to have been located on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, with opinion varying from somewhere in Kelantan or Terengganu, in modern-day Malaysia[1] to the vicinity of Phunphin district, Surat Thani province, in modern Thailand.

[3]: 259  Jacq-Hergoualc'h speculates that the border may have been south of Nakhon Si Thammarat, possibly near Songkhla.

[1]: 53 After the northern neighbor Tun Sun gained independence from Funan and became Lang-chia or Lang-ya-hsiu in the late 5th century CE, its southern part joined Pan Pan in the 6th century,[3]: 262–263  while the northern territory became Dvaravati.

[3]: 268–269 It is speculated to be related to the Patani Kingdom, which occupied the same area many centuries later, and has some differences in culture and language to other Malay regions nearby.

[8] Though rare, archeological discoveries show evidence of a lively economic flowering in the region through international maritime trade.