[3] More symptoms may develop as malignant cells further grow and spread into other nearby tissue such as the palate or orbital floor.

[4] The signs and symptoms of later stage cancer are generally caused by the spread of malignant cells into the neighbouring structures of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity.

[5] The spread of the cancer into the cranial cavity may lead to headaches, nerve damage, and cerebrospinal fluid leak.

[2] Direct contact of tobacco powder with the gums and the mucous membranes of the mouth can largely increase the risk of developing nasal or paranasal sinus cancer.

[6] Environmental factors are likely one of the main causes of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

[2] There is no evidence that alcohol increases the risk of any specific histological type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

[6] Consumption of large amounts of salted and smoked food may also increase the risk of developing paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

[2] Human papillomavirus infection is likely a major cause of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

Biopsy results often determine the final diagnosis of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

A nasoscopy is a type of endoscopy that can be used as a diagnosis method for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.

[1] A nasoscopy is performed by the insertion of a nasoscope into the patient’s nose to search for abnormal areas in the nasal cavity.

[7] Radiation therapy is an effective method for paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer after implementation of surgery.