Pardosa milvina

Ground beetles such as Scarites quadriceps and large wolf spiders such as Tigrosa helluo are predators of P. milvina.

Additionally, female shore spiders heavily invest in their offspring, keeping them in egg sacs and carrying them for a few weeks after they are born.

Pardosa milvina cannot climb smooth surfaces due to their lack of tufts of hair that are common at the end of legs on other spiders.

[7] Pardosa milvina are located in high densities near rivers and agricultural areas of eastern North America.

[8] They can also be found in dry, open woods near water, such as by rivers, ponds, and streams of New England, Georgia, and west of the Rockies.

[6] Additionally, shore spiders are abundant in disturbed habitats and are commonly found on soil surfaces or in patches of mulch.

[9] [12] The egg sacs of female P. milvina contribute to predation and foraging costs.

Mermithids can cause behavioral and morphological changes in spiders, such as slower reaction times to predators, abdominal swelling, malformed legs and pedipalps, and undeveloped secondary sexual characteristics.

When there is presumably no danger present, P. milvina prefer more complex grass habitats over bare dirt.

P. milvina can capture more prey in dirt but they are more likely to be attacked by predators, specifically Hogna helluo.

P. milvina spiders are active foragers who can go to new habitats when threatened and remain successful in prey capture.

Researchers put unmated and mated females in pitfall traps and observe the behavior of adult males.

[13] Males use substrate-borne chemical cues to gain information on the mating status of females.

When males detect silk and pheromones from a virgin female, their courtship response is more energized.

Males with symmetrical front legs have a lower intensity courtship when there are predator cues present as they have a high potential for future mating and reproduction.

However, males with asymmetrical front legs court with high intensity when predator cues are present because they are desperate to mate and reproduce as they might not have many opportunities.

Dragline silk are thin, white strands made from ampullate glands and are most likely used to get male attention.

For example, male P. milvina use attachment disks to find the correct direction to follow females.

When females are in the presence of courting males, they deposit more attachment disks and dragline silk.

The size and weight of these egg sacs make it harder for the female to attack prey and avoid predators.

Occasionally, female shore spiders drop their egg sacs which could result in the death of the spiderlings.

Shore spider, Pardosa milvina
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