He studied medicine in Paris, becoming an intern in 1875, having already published a letter on "weight of newborns" in the Annales de gynécologie.

[1] He became an associate professor of surgery in 1883, and was made chef de clinique at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital alongside Ulysse Trélat later in the same year.

In the early part of his career, Segond's contributions concerned the urinary system with publications including his work on prostatic abscess.

[2][6][7] Treatment of uterine or periuterine infection by vaginal hysterectomy became known as the Péan–Segond operation (Opération de Péan-Segond (in French)).

Segond also published in other areas of surgery,[8][9] and described his eponymous knee fracture in association with anterior cruciate ligament injury in 1879.