Pavise

The shape of the scutum allowed packed formations of legionaries to overlap their shields to provide an effective barrier against projectiles.

The most novel use was the testudo, which consisted of legionaries holding shields above themselves to protect against descending projectiles such as arrows, spears, or objects thrown by defenders on walls.

The pavise was held in place by the pavisier or sometimes deployed in the ground with a spike attached to the bottom.

While reloading their weapons, archers and crossbowmen would crouch behind them to shelter against incoming missile attacks.

[citation needed] The Genoese crossbowmen, an internationally-recognized elite corps, made use of the pavise, utilizing pavesarii (shield bearers).