Between 1883 and 1885 van Gogh worked in the villages of Nieuw-Amsterdam, Netherlands and Nuenen, where the poor soil made it almost impossible for farm workers and smallholders to survive.

Inspired by Jean-François Millet, who he saw as the "eternal master" of the peasant genre, van Gogh saw the peasants as pious people ennobled by their hard labour and depicted them in several of what he called his 'clog works'.

[1] In mid July 1885 he produced "six or so large canvases", including The Potato Eaters.

He then decided to "only make small works for now", meaning figure studies such as Peasant Woman Digging Up Potatoes.

The Museum's chief curator Walther Vanbeselaere [nl] wrote that it was "The only, excellent work from Vincent's dark time in Holland still in Flemish hands (collection of Roland Leten, Ghent).