[4] Group I, which includes Pediastrum duplex, are mainly distributed in North America and Europe.

Although there are significant differences between the appearance of Pediastrum and Hydrodictyon, it is still related more closely to it than several genera that look more alike, such as Pseudopediastrum, Monactinus and Stauridium.

[5] These walls are difficult to break down due to the presence of sporopollenin[3] and silica,[6] which the algae uses to defend itself against infection.

[7] In 2005, several studies on the fossil record of Pediastrum were compiled, and 10 species in the genus are now recognized between the Late Cretaceous and the Quaternary in southern South America alone.

[8] The genus Pediastrum is present all around the world, and they are usually found in sediments of freshwater lakes or wetlands.

The cell clusters retain their morphology, some organelles inside, and genetic materials for thousands of years.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH value are the main environmental variables that affect the distribution of Pediastrum.

As for the Sexual life cycle in Pediastrum, the cell forms two bi-flagellate gametes (isogamy), these then fuse into a zygote and develop further through the asexual lifecycle as described before.

The second asexual and sexual life cycles are rarely observed in Pediastrum, and only occur in very bright conditions or in high temperatures.