About 80% of childhood cancer cases in high-income countries can be successfully treated via modern medical treatments and optimal patient care.

[citation needed] For this reason, in low and mid-income countries, childhood cancer is often ignored in control planning, contributing to the burden of missed opportunities for its diagnoses and management.

[14] Signs and Symptoms A tumor that arises in the musculoskeletal system often presents as a mass, a painful extremity, or, occasionally, a pathologic fracture.

When a childhood cancer survivor goes back to school, they might experience lower test scores, problems with memory, attention, and behavior, as well as poor hand-eye coordination and slowed development over time.

[30] There are preventable causes of childhood malignancy, such as delivery overuse and misuse of ionizing radiation through computed tomography scans when the test is not indicated or when adult protocols are used.

[35] In 2005, 2.9 of every 100,000 people 0–19 years of age were found to have cancer of the brain or central nervous system, and 0.7 per 100,000 died from it.

[35] The main subtypes of brain and central nervous system tumors in children are: astrocytoma, brain stem glioma, craniopharyngioma, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, ependymoma, high-grade glioma, medulloblastoma and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor.

Here is a brief list of doctors that can treat childhood cancer:[37] Other specialties that can assist the treatment process include radiology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, psychiatry, and endocrinology.

Treatment options are expanding, and precision medicine for childhood cancers is a rapidly growing area of research.

[50][51] Premature heart disease is one example of a major long-term consequence seen in adult survivors of childhood cancer.

[52] These individuals are eight times more likely to die of heart disease than other people, and up to one quarter of the children treated for cancer develop some type of cardiac abnormality, mainly left ventricular systolic dysfunction[53] although this may be asymptomatic or too mild to qualify for a clinical diagnosis of heart disease.

These guidelines also help healthcare providers collaborate with oncology specialists to create recommendations specific to an individual patient.

[57] Recently, a first step for a joint international consensus statement for measuring Quality of Life in survivors of childhood cancer has been established.

[59] Internationally, the greatest variation in childhood cancer incidence occurs when comparing high-income countries to low-income ones.

[35] In the United States in 2012, it was estimated that there was an incidence of 12,000 new cases, and 1,300 deaths, from cancer among children 0 to 14 years of age.

[65] Statistics from the 2014 American Cancer Society report: Note: Incidence and mortality rates are per 1,000,000 and age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population.

A large number of children in Africa live in low- and middle-income countries where there is limited access to prevention or treatment of cancer.

[clarification needed] In sub-Saharan Africa, 10% of children die before their 5th birthday, yet it is not due to cancer; communicable diseases such as malaria, cholera, and other infections are the leading cause of death.

Tumor registries only cover 11% of the African population, and there is a significant absence in death registration, making the mortality database unreliable.

Cancer in children is rare in the UK, with an average of 1,800 diagnoses every year but contributing to less than 1% of all cancer-related deaths.

In addition to advancing research focusing on cancer, the foundations also offer support to families whose children are affected by the disease.

Different foundations fund support groups within hospitals and online for parents and families to aid in the coping process.

Resources that account for family context, age, and gender can help siblings process cancer-related emotional reactions.

[85][86] This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.