It is a unicameral institution, consisting of a total of 40 elected lawmakers representing single-member constituencies throughout Penang.

After the 2023 Penang state election, 29 out of 40 seats are held by the Pakatan Harapan (PH) and Barisan Nasional (BN).

Meanwhile, 11 seats are held by the Perikatan Nasional (PN) opposition coalition.

[1] The Penang State Legislative Assembly's main function is to enact legislation and policies relating to the State List and Joint List as defined in the Federal Constitution.

The State Assembly also consists of committees to handle administrative matters.