Per-Olof Åstrand

Per-Olof Åstrand (21 October 1922 – 2 January 2015)[1][2] was a Swedish professor of physiology at the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) in Stockholm 1970–1977, and 1977–1988 at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, and a member of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet (1977–1988).

Åstrand is considered a "pioneer",[3] "legend"[4] and one of the "founding fathers" of modern exercise physiology.

[5] Åstrand graduated from the Royal Central Gymnastics Institute (GCI/GIH) in Stockholm, Sweden, now called the Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH) in 1946.

In 1952 he defended his thesis and got his Ph.D. at the medical school at the Karolinska Institute, since GCI/GIH in those days did not have such rights as a university college.

[5] Åstrand is known for developing the Åstrand-Ryhming Cycle Ergometer Test in 1954 in collaboration with his future wife, Irma Ryhming.