Armed groups, led by the umbrella organization Khatme Nabuwwat ("Finality of Prophethood"), have launched violent attacks against their mosques in Bangladesh.
This anti-Ahmadiyya movement led Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to declare that the Ahmadiyyas were "non-Muslims".
Despite the claims of Islam's egalitarian tenets,[additional citation(s) needed] units of social stratification, termed as "castes" by many, have developed among Muslims in some parts of South Asia.
[10][11] Sections of the ulema (scholars of Islamic jurisprudence) have declared the religious legitimacy of the caste system with the help of the concept of kafa'a.
[15] Barani had a clear disdain for the Ajlaf and strongly recommended that they be denied education, lest they usurp the Ashraf masters[citation needed].
[9] Barrani also developed an elaborate system of promotion and demotion of Imperial officers ("Wazirs") that was conducted primarily on the basis of caste.
[13] In addition to the Ashraf/Ajlaf divide, there is also the Arzal caste among Muslims,[16] whose members were regarded by anti-Caste activists like Babasaheb Ambedkar as the equivalent of untouchables.
[17][18] The Arzal group was recorded in the 1901 census in India and its members are also called Dalit Muslims "with whom no other Muhammadan would associate, and who are forbidden to enter the mosque or to use the public burial ground"[citation needed].They are relegated to "menial" professions such as scavenging and carrying night soil.
[32] Some of the worst Shia-Sunni sectarian strife has occurred before (under Saddam regime responsible for at least 400,000 Shia deaths) and after the American invasion of Iraq.
[34] Sunni suicide bombers have targeted not only thousands of civilians,[35] but mosques, shrines,[36] wedding and funeral processions,[37] markets, hospitals, offices, and streets.
It was a process that involved forced conversion[39][40][41][42] Ismail I consolidated his rule over the country and launched a thorough and, at times, brutal campaign to convert the majority Sunni population to Twelver Shiism and thus transform the religious landscape of Iran.
[43] His methods of converting Iran included: Yaqub Beg's Uyghur forces declared a Jihad against Chinese Muslims under T'o Ming during the Dungan revolt.
[58][59] Certain small groups – the Kharijites of early medieval times, and Takfir wal Hijra- follow takfirist doctrines, regarding almost all other Muslims as infidels whose blood may legitimately be shed.