Persian musical instruments

Arabic became the lingua franca from the Middle East to the edge of China and into India, much as Latin was in Europe.

Similarly, conquests and cultural intermixing have made Turkish words available, such as kudum.

بندیر دف Dayereh دایره_(ساز) Riq رق دمام (ساز) Dayereh-zangi (دایره‌زنگی) دهل Dobol, Gapdohol, Jure + bowl (کاسه‌) Kaseh-pil: A kind of drum that was banded on elephant.

کوس (ساز) ناقارا نقاره Naqqāra[7] Desarkutan, Naghghareh, Naker Shahin means royal falcon, but refers here to a wind instrument.

(Plural ṣunūj[2][13]) Sanj سنج زنگ Persuan word for bells.

Portrait of a music group in the Naser al-Din Shah Qajar era, 1886
17th century fresco at Chehel Sotoun showing musicians at a 1658 entertainment, in which Shah Abbas II hosted Nadr Mohammed Khan.
A man playing the bendir in Laghouat , Algeria
Women playing dafs in Kurdistan.
Iranian percussionist Majid Khalaj playing the dayereh
Egyptian Riqq , also spelled riq , req .
Demam drums during Ramadan, Bushehr city, Iran. Instruments in photo struck with drumstick and open hand.
Woman playing dayereh-zangi or daf . The zangi refers to the metal disks embedded in the instrument's edge. See zang
Two dohol drums.
Dohol دهل from Khorasan, played with curved drumstick. Called davul in Turkish.
Kudüm
Detail of Celebrations at the time of the marriage of Aurangzeb, cropped to show size of elephant drums
Large kettle drums from the Moghul Empire
Camel drums in Cairo mark a marriage.
Naqara
Naqqāra-khāna or naubat (band). Features large nagaras on camel, smaller nagaras on horse, nafir trumpet and sorna (or zurna ).
Iraqi naqqarat
A pair of gosh naghara.
Ṭabl , name for any kind of drum.
Russian Turkestan, circa 1869. Tas (left), qairaq or kairak right. In another photo from the series, the back of the tas shows it has no drumhide, but is sounded like a cymbal.
Tas from Kurdistan
Early to mid 19th-century zarb , part of Qajar Iran . [ 10 ]
Madjid Khaladj playing Tombak
Zorkhaneh drum and zang-e-zourkhaneh bell, right side of image.
Ancient bell, Western Iran, circa 1000-650 B.C.
Kozeh. Instrument made from imitation of Udu from Africa.
Wooden kastan, shaped like shells
Sanj, large cymbals or crash cymbals go back into antiquity; these are from Mesopotamia, 3rd millennium B.C.
Military band behind Emperor Humayun includes sanj.
Zang-e zurchaneh, bells used in Zurkhaneh power house, Iran
Akbar riding an elephant. The elephant has multiple bells, as well as chains that jingle.
zang-e schotor , camel bells
Zang, braclet of bells from Uzbekistan
Portrait of Kay Khusraw, by Mihr 'Ali, Qajar Iran, Isfahan 1803-4, cropped to show hawk. Hawk has on hawk bells, not a zanjir string, but 2 single bells.
Grotesque dancer wearing Zanjir (زنجی).
Qairaq from Afghanistan. From the Metropolitan Museum of Art .