Kemal Pasha, disgusted by the capitulations and concessions made by the Sultan to the Allies, and by the occupation of Constantinople (known as Istanbul in English since 1930) by the British, resigned from his post on 8 July 1919.

[3] On 19 September 1921, the Turkish Grand National Assembly presented him with the title of Gazi, which denotes, a combat or wounded veteran, with the religious connotation of defeating non-Islamic forces, and bestowed upon him the rank of Marshal for his achievements during the War of Independence.

Other claims are: Atatürk's last official identity document (Turkish: nüfus cüzdanı) does not include the day and month, but the year 1881 is visible.

[11] His father Ali Rıza Efendi is thought by some, such as Isaac Frederick Marcosson, Ernst Jäckh, Andrew Mango (among others) to have been of Albanian origin;[12][13][14][15][16] according to Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamık D. Volkan and Norman Itzkowitz (the latter two citing Atay), Ali Rıza's ancestors were Turks, ultimately descending from Söke in Aydın Province.

Ali Rıza Bey's desire was to send Atatürk to the newly opened Şemsi Efendi School, which had a contemporary education program.

Atatürk married only once, to Latife Uşaklıgil (or Uşşaki); a multilingual, and self-confident woman who was educated in Europe and came from an established, ship-owning family from Smyrna (now İzmir).

The honeymoon, an Anatolian tour, was a chance to show his wife's unveiled face as a role model for modern Turkish women.

[citation needed] Latife insisted on accompanying him to the eastern towns even though the wives of other officials stopped at Samsun and did not travel further to the devastated east.

The names of his children were Zehra Aylin, Sabiha (Gökçen), Rukiye (Erkin), Afet (İnan), Nebile (Bayyurt), Afife, Fikriye, Ülkü (Doğançay, later Adatepe), and Mustafa.

The foundation for the civilian participation in the government [parliament being never closed during his reign] and establishment of civic society [his insistence of keeping military out of daily politics] are cited having the roots in the Kemal's presidency, not after.

[citation needed] British military intelligence reports from January 1921 authored by Charles Harington noted Atatürk's "homosexual vice".

[49][50] In 2007, Turkish authorities protested after Atatürk was listed among famous homosexuals and bisexuals in a book about homophobia published by the Minister of Education of the French Community of Belgium and intended to teachers.

He was also anecdotally linked to preservation of Turkish Angora after an article in the Turkey's Reader's Digest reportedly claimed that Atatürk said "his successor would be bitten on the ankle by an odd-eyed white cat.

The modern zoo which took 12 years to build, first of its kind in Turkey, gave a chance to people observe animals beyond the boundaries of circus and fairs.

[citation needed] Throughout most of his life, Atatürk was a moderate-to-heavy drinker, often consuming half a litre of rakı a day; he also smoked tobacco, predominantly in the form of cigarettes.

"[61] Atatürk told the Romanian Foreign Minister of the time, Victor Antonescu, on 20 March 1937: A man who sees the existence of all mankind in his own person is pathetic.

[67][63] According to Turkish politicians Mahmut Esat Bozkurt and Falih Rıfkı Atay, Atatürk might have picked up some Macedonian/Bulgarian as well, citing examples such as when a Bulgarian friend of his mother convinced him to not depart for the front in the Greco-Turkish War as a juvenile cadet in 1897; or when he recalled an incident at a famous Sofia pastry shop in which he witnessed a Bulgarian peasant arguing with the waiter and being impressed by his ways, citing it as an example of the peasant being the "master of the nation".

In his second year in 1897, feeling dissatisfied with his grades, he attended the Collège des Frères De La Salle for 3 months during a home leave in Salonica, after which his French improved significantly.

[63] In 1908, while Atatürk was a Kolağası in the 3rd Army, he wrote translations of two books by the Prussian general Karl Litzmann from German into Ottoman Turkish, both published in Salonica.

[64][63] Some sources claim that Atatürk was one of the Ottoman cadets who took Japanese classes from Yamada Torajirō,[71] reportedly still calling him sensei when he visited as head of the Turkish-Japanese Friendship Association in 1931.

[74] Some non-Turkish researchers, as well as some Turkish ones, assert that Atatürk was a religious skeptic and an agnostic, i.e. non-doctrinaire Deist,[75][76] maybe an atheist,[77][78][79] or even anti-religious and anti-Islamic in general.

Atatürk made his last recorded religious statement on 21 December 1937, about 11 months before his death, with Syrian Ambassadors Jamil Mardam Bey and Adil Arslan.

His modernization aimed to transform social and mental structures (native traditions of Islam) to eradicate the irrational ideas, magical superstitions and so on.

After a short period of treatment in Yalova, an apparent improvement in his health was observed, but his condition again worsened following his journeys first to Ankara, and then to Mersin and Adana.

[citation needed] During his stay in Istanbul, he made an effort to keep up with his regular lifestyle for a while, heading the Council of Ministers meeting, working on the Hatay issue, and hosting King Carol II of Romania during his visit in June.

He stayed on board his newly arrived yacht, Savarona, until the end of July, after which his health again worsened and then he moved to a room arranged for him at the Dolmabahçe Palace.

[106] Atatürk's funeral called forth both sorrow and pride in Turkey, and seventeen countries sent special representatives, while nine contributed with armed detachments to the cortège.

[107] In November 1953, Atatürk's remains were taken from the Ethnography Museum of Ankara by 138 young reserve officers in a procession that stretched for two miles (3 km) including the president, the premier, every cabinet minister, every parliamentary deputy, every provincial governor and every foreign diplomat.

"[citation needed] In his will written on 5 September 1938, he donated all of his possessions to the Republican People's Party, bound to the condition that, through the yearly interest of his funds, his sister Makbule and his adopted children will be looked after, the higher education of the children of İsmet İnönü will be funded, and the Turkish Language Association and Turkish Historical Society will be given the rest.

Another collection covered the period between 1923 and 1937 and indexes all the documents, notes, memorandums, communications (as a President) under multiple volumes, titled Atatürk'ün Bütün Eserleri ("All of the Works of Atatürk").