Another criticism was that the elections for the National Convention had been dominated by freedmen and illiterate people, while public servants from the previous regime were excluded.

This is due to threats against the Catholic Church (La Compañía de Jesús was not allowed entry), and because Castilla himself had restored the Indigenous Tribute under the name of General Contribution in March 1855.

[5][6] There were numerous individuals that were opposed to Castilla’s government, and proof of this are the uprisings in: Arequipa (July, 1855), Islay (March, 1856), Chincha (April 14, 1856), Nauta (June 30, 1856), Trujillo (August 15, 1856), Tacna (September 22nd, 1856), Ayacucho, Ancash, and other places.

[5][7] On October 31, 1856 the conservative uprising in Arequipa began, with a popular movement headlined by Domingo Camino and Diego Masías y Llosa, who two years prior had supported the rebellion against Echenique.

They also brought the Grand Marshal Miguel de San Román to take command of the forces, and intimidate the surrender of Arequipa on November 16.

[8][9][6] Decisive conservative victory After eight months of siege and failed peace efforts promoted by the Chilean Minister Ramón Irarrázabal, the constitutional army of Ramón Castilla assaulted the city of Arequipa, which was the last redoubt of the revolutionary movement promoted by General Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco, after the seizure of the city and the subsequent subjugation of the rebel Apurímac frigate culminated the bloodiest civil war that Peru suffered in its entire republican history.

But, on the 19th they encountered the rebel Colonel Broousset, who, with only 20 men on horseback and 15 infantry, dispersed them, and San Román fled to Puno.

In addition, this empowered the Executive to deal with the diplomats of Great Britain and France to give their assistance, if necessary, on the custody of the islands’ guano supply.

With the money from the guano, the rebels bought weapons, and two steamers in Chile: the Volcán, which they called Arauco, and the Peytona, rechristened as the Lambayeque.