His public service career began with his appointment as a state prosecutor in the Rhode Island Attorney General's Office in 1996.

Senators Jack Reed and Sheldon Whitehouse, President Barack Obama appointed Neronha to serve as the United States Attorney for the District of Rhode Island.

In October 2017, Neronha announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for the office of Attorney General of Rhode Island.

[13] As Attorney General of Rhode Island, Neronha joined a multi-state lawsuit to challenge the President's National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States.

[15] The review is going through almost 70 years worth of records from the Diocese of Providence and will be modeled on the report from the Grand jury investigation of Catholic Church sexual abuse in Pennsylvania.

[16] Neronha, alongside Governor Gina Raimondo, has submitted a package of gun control bills for consideration by the General Assembly.