Peyton Randolph (1779 – December 26, 1828) was a Democratic-Republican politician from Virginia who served as acting Governor of Virginia for several days at the end of 1811 and beginning of 1812.

He was born in Williamsburg, Virginia in 1779, graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1798, studied law, and practiced in Richmond.

Following the death of Governor George William Smith and 68 others in the Richmond Theatre fire on December 26, 1811, Randolph served as the Acting Governor of Virginia, from December 26, 1811, until January 3, 1812.

For many years Randolph was clerk of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.

He was the court's official reporter from 1821 until his death and produced the Virginia Reports, the court's official published case records.