It was created in January 1919 in Poznań, as part of Polish forces fighting in the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919).
In the following months, several regiments created in the Greater Poland towns joined the unit, and in the summer of 1919, the Division was sent to the east, to fight the Red Army south of Polotsk.
According to the Plan Wschod, the Division was supposed to serve as a rear unit; however, in the late 1930s the German threat became real, and on March 23, 1939, the Division became part of newly created Poznań Army, under General Tadeusz Kutrzeba (see: Plan Zachod).
Then, it took part in the Battle of the Bzura, fighting near the town of Piątek and breaking German lines.
During the skirmishes, the commandant of German 30th Infantry Division, General Kurt von Briesen, was injured and the Wehrmacht ordered a retreat.