Political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values.
[4] The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous uprisings or societal grievances.
Movement parties are the reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics".
[12] For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an alternative to formal electoral politics.
Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism, fascism, and Nazism.
It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology.
They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version).
This then rejoined ideas formulated by the Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism.
Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski).
