Pranas Eidukevičius (Russian: Пранас Винцович Эйдукявичюс; 7 October 1869 – 7 March 1926) was a Lithuanian socialist activist and communist revolutionary.

During the Russian Revolution of 1905, he worked with the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and took part in the Łódź insurrection.

[2] After the October Revolution, he increasingly supported Bolshevism and played a key role in establishing the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia in summer 1918.

[1] He worked at various metalworking factories in the city and began reading socialist press, including publications of the Polish Proletariat.

In 1897, he established contacts with the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania (LSDP) and formed its section in Riga.

[4] In November 1898, Eidukevičius was arrested with about 200 others and sentenced to three years of internal exile without the right to live in major industrial cities.

[5] Eidukevičius returned to Russia at the end of 1904 and took active part in organizing the protests and strikes in Vilnius during the Russian Revolution of 1905.

[5] He then moved to Łódź and Dąbrowa Górnicza to organize activities of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS).

[7] Due to Tsarist repressions and arrests of prominent social democrats, activities of LSDP diminished significantly in 1909–1912.

The party had a nationalist agenda while Eidukevičius, at one point or another, had embraced Lithuanian, Latvian, Belarusian, Polish, Russian national influences.

He also viewed LSDP function narrowly (advocating for workers' rights) and was described by contemporaries as arrogant, autocratic, and ambitious.

[10] The tensions within LSDP grew to the point where its members started acting independently in order to bypass Eidukevičius.

[12] With a personal recommendation from Vladimir Lenin, Eidukevičius traveled to Germany to raise money for the striking workers.

The club's building later served as the headquarters of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia and Vilna Soviet of Workers Deputies.

[22] After the October Revolution, he increasingly supported Bolshevism and opposed the Council of Lithuania which he viewed as a collaborator with the occupying German forces but included two leaders of LSDP.

[24] Except for Eidukevičius and Roman Pilar, the newly elected Central Committee did not include any more prominent figures.

[27] Therefore, new elections were called and, by allowing soldiers of the Red Army to vote, communists ensured their control of the Vilna Soviet.

[29] In March 1921, he participated in the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) as a delegate with advisory vote.