Antoinette Amalie was the youngest of four daughters born to Louis Rudolph of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his wife Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen.

Her older sister was Elisabeth Christine, mother of Empress Maria Theresa.

Her other surviving sister Charlotte Christine was the daughter-in-law of Peter the Great of Russia.

The marriage was described as very happy, and Antoinette Amalie was the mother of eight sons and six daughters, 12 of whom lived to adulthood.

After her husband's death, Antoinette Amalie lived in Antoinettenruh Castle in Wolfenbüttel, which her father Ludwig Rudolf had built for her as a summer residence.