[1] Similar associations existed in other countries under Soviet influence, known under other terms, such as "Kombinat" in Poland and East Germany.
[1] After the regaining of the independence of Lithuania in 1991, all production associations created in Lithuanian SSR were dissolved into several businesses, reorganized, or discontinued.
[2] Notable ones include toy manufacturer Neringa (dissolved), computer and computer components manufacturer Sigma [lt] (discontinued in 1991), Elfa [lt] (best known in the former Soviet Union for its stereo tape recorders; its main enterprise went bankrupt in 1993, other smaller parts were privatized, and their fates varied.
[3][4]), and fertilizer producer Azotas (its major plant was privatized in 1994 and in its place the joint-stock company Achema was created).
The term was preserved in the names of a number of enterprises in modern Russia and some post-Soviet states, but it does not have any legal meaning.