Wakil ar-Ra`aya (rendered as Protector of the People) was a title of the Persian imperial Monarch under the Zand dynasty, as those rulers refused (except the last as noted) the style Shahanshah.
The founding ruler of the Zand dynasty adopted the style; it appears that his successors used the same style, although documentation is obscure.
[citation needed] The self-styled Emperor Norton I of the United States included among his titles "Protector of Mexico."
Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular Cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation, etc.
The title Hâdim ül Haramain ish Sharifain or Khādim al-Ḥaramayn al-Sharifayn, Arabic for 'Servant of the Noble Sanctuaries', notably Mecca and Medina (the destinations of the hajj pilgrimage; both in the Grand Sherif's peninsular Arabian territory; the third being Jerusalem, part of an province) was awarded to Sultan Salim Khan I by the Sherif of Mecca in 1517, a year after his conquest of Egypt and assuming of the title of Commander of the Faithful, and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, i.e. Caliph; both remained part of the full style of his successors on the throne.