As of the 2010 census, the population was 278 people living on a land area of 14.43 km2 (5.57 sq mi).
Oldham failed to meet the condition, so they gave the island to Roger Williams and John Winthrop in 1637, with each man retaining a one-half interest.
He sold his half interest in Prudence Island while in England on behalf of the colony, and Winthrop willed his land to his son Stephen.
In World War II, the Navy established an ammunition depot on the southernmost 400 acres (1.6 km2) of the island.
In 1972, the Navy turned the base over to the State of Rhode Island, leaving bunkers, roads, and a large deep-water pier.