This is an accepted version of this page The Pug is a breed of dog with the physically distinctive features of a wrinkly, short-muzzled face, and curled tail.

[3] In the United Kingdom, in the nineteenth century, Queen Victoria developed a passion for Pugs which she passed on to other members of the royal family.

Early Pugs were commonly cropped and supposedly that alteration resulted in a head that looked like the shadow of a closed fist when viewed from the side.

Since the late 16th century the term "pug" has been used in English to describe squirrels, hares, foxes, ferret, salmon, sheep, and monkeys.

[9] While the Pugs that are depicted in eighteenth century prints tend to be long and lean,[3] modern breed preferences are for a square cobby body, a compact form, a deep chest, and well-developed muscle.

[1] The American Kennel Club says the motto of the breed is the Latin phrase multum in parvo, or "much in little" or "a lot of dog in a small space".

[7] That name explicitly refers to a short-legged, short-mouthed[13] and, most importantly, short-coated dog, potentially as a way to distinguish it from the Pekingese, which was of similar build.

The Lo-sze was popular in the imperial court during the Song dynasty[14] and was brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century by the Dutch East India Company.

[3] The Happa or Hap-pah dog has also been considered as playing a part in the formation of the modern Pug breed, but it was not acquired by European fanciers until 1860 when specimens were looted by French and British troops during their complete destruction of the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) in Beijing, during the Second Opium War.

Pugs were painted by Goya in Spain, and in Italy they rode up front on private carriages, dressed in jackets and pantaloons that matched those of the coachman.

In 1789, author Hester Piozzi wrote in her journal: "The little Pug dog or Dutch mastiff has quitted London for Padua, I perceive.

Before her marriage to Napoleon Bonaparte, Joséphine had her Pug, Fortune, carry concealed messages to her family while she was confined at Les Carmes prison, it having alone been given visiting rights.

The modern Pug's appearance probably changed after 1860, when a new wave of dogs were seized as loot by French and British soldiers who razed the Old Summer Palace in Beijing (then Peking), China.

W.E Mason remarks in his book "Dogs of all nations" that the Happa is "identical in every respect with the Pekingese Spaniel, except that his coat is short and smooth".

[25] A popular stud, "Click" was bred several times to bitches of both Willoughby and Morrison lines, which is largely recognized as leading to the merging of both strains.

During that period, crossing with the English bulldog reportedly took place to solidify desirable traits in both breeds, though that improvement came at the expense of the Pugs diminutive stature.

[citation needed] The British aristocrat, Lady Brassey, is also credited with making black Pugs fashionable after she brought some back from China in 1886.

Breeders who pursue that change in the breed aim for longer snouts, less protruding eyes, straighter legs and fewer facial wrinkles.

[36][37][38] Since Pugs lack longer snouts and prominent skeletal brow ridges, they are susceptible to eye injuries such as proptosis, scratched corneas, and painful entropion.

[40][41][42] Potential effects of brachycephaly are stridor, stertorous breathing, emesis, skin fold dermatitis, brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, exophthalmos, pharyngeal gag reflex, cyanosis, and laryngeal collapse.

[43][44][41][45][46][47][48] Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia,[49] and hyperthermia – with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.

[57][1] In 2008, an investigative documentary carried out by the BBC found significant inbreeding between pedigree dogs, with a study by Imperial College, London, showing that the 10,000 Pugs in the UK were so inbred that their gene pool was the equivalent of only 50 individual humans.

[65] The breed became iconic in India, as it was featured as the mascot in a series of Vodafone (formerly Hutchison Essar) advertising commercials directed by Prakash Varma.

[69] The 1984 science-fiction film Dune included a pug as a family pet; an inclusion which the director, David Lynch, has "refuse[d] to answer" questions about.

[citation needed] The Men in Black film series features Frank, a fictional talking Pug portrayed by animal actor Mushu.