Fraxinus profunda, the pumpkin ash, is a species of ash (Fraxinus) native to eastern North America, where it has a scattered distribution on the Atlantic coastal plain and interior lowland river valleys from the Lake Erie basin in Ontario and New York west to Illinois, southwest to Missouri and southeast to northern Florida.

[8][7] The name pumpkin ash originates from early European settlers in Arkansas and refers to the swollen trunk bases which this tree often produces in very wet habitats.

[12] Pumpkin ash trees frequently produce bulbous swollen trunk bases and this is sometimes cited as a diagnostic feature of this species.

[6][4] Pumpkin ash attains sexual maturity and begins producing fruit at approximately ten years of age.

[10][6] In 2017, the IUCN assessed the pumpkin ash as Critically Endangered, due to observed massive population declines over most of its range.

[6] Pumpkin ash has a discontinuous range in eastern North America, where it occurs mainly in swamps and river bottoms of the Atlantic coastal plain, Mississippi valley and lower Great Lakes basin, but is conspicuously absent from regions in between, such as the Appalachian Mountains.

[6] Areas where pumpkin ash trees are found typically have an average rainfall of 101 to 122 centimeters (40 to 48 inches) of rain per year.