If the pawn is not beyond its sixth rank, the attacker (to move) usually wins easily, but there are a few exceptions.
Exceptions can occur when the king blocks the queen on a file or diagonal, as in this position.
This was White's only check which prevents the pawn from advancing, and Black responds repeating the position.
[4] The biggest problem for a queen versus a pawn on the sixth rank is when its own king gets in the way.
[5] In this 1937 game between Vladimir Alatortsev and Vitaly Chekhover,[6] White wins: If 72...Ke2 then 73.Qe4+ Kf2 forces the Black king in front of the pawn.
In order for the defending side to have a chance at a draw (with the other side to move), the pawn must be on its seventh rank and the king must be nearby (plus a few drawing positions with the pawn on the sixth rank, as above).
If the attacking king is close enough to the pawn, it wins; otherwise a draw results.
[8] First note that the attacker may win easily, depending on the location of the kings.
White prevents this by forcing the black king in front of the pawn.
Without the immediate threat of promotion, White has gained a tempo that can be used to bring his king closer.
If the white king is on d5, d6 or d7, the queen cannot approach the pawn, and the result is a draw.
If the white king was on e3, the win is simple: A bishop pawn may also draw, but for a different reason (a different stalemate position).
[15] The rule is that White wins if their king is close enough to reach b3 or d2 in one move, because it can assist in checkmate.
The black king must be prevented from getting to the other side of his pawn, otherwise he can employ the stalemate defense.
[20] This position from a 1996 game between Loek van Wely and Peter Leko was drawn because of the bishop pawn.
[21] The first position is from the end of a 1958 game between future World Champions Tigran Petrosian and Bobby Fischer.
[23] There are some traps arising in the endgame with the bishop pawn when the attacking king is not quite close enough to force a win.
The white king is not close enough to force a win in this position, but the defense is difficult.