Racetam

[3] Like some ampakines, some racetams, such as piracetam and aniracetam, are positive allosteric modulators of the AMPA receptor.

[8] Racetams are posited to enhance memory through interaction with glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.

Phenylpiracetam, unique among racetams in being a phenethylamine and stimulant, is an atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

[9][10][11][12] Anticonvulsant racetams, including levetiracetam, brivaracetam, and seletracetam, act as synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) ligands.

[10] In studies with aged rats, marked improvement has been observed in cognitive tasks in experimental groups given piracetam.

Evidence in studies with rats has indicated that the potency of piracetam is increased when administered with choline.