Anti-Jewish laws

During the 1930s and early 1940s, some laws were adopted in Nazi Germany and Italian Empire|Fascist Italy and during World War II, they were exported to the European Axis powers and puppet states.

The Italian Racial Laws were passed on November 18, 1938, excluding Jews from the civil service, the armed forces, and the National Fascist Party, and restricting Jewish ownership of certain companies and property; intermarriage was also prohibited.

Following the death of Poland's ruler Józef Piłsudski in 1935, the Endeks intensified their efforts which led to violence and in a few cases pogroms in smaller towns.

In 1937, the Endeks passed resolutions that "its main aim and duty must be to remove the Jews from all spheres of social, economic, and cultural life in Poland".

[7] Hungary passed laws on 28 May 1938 and 5 May 1939 banning Jews (defined primarily by official religion; e.g. practising Judaism) from various professions.

A third law, added in August 1941, defined Jews practically as anyone with at least two Jewish grandparents - exempted those who were born Christian and their parents had been as well the time of their marriage, etc.

The Independent State of Croatia issued a definition of Jews on April 30, 1941, laying the groundwork for expropriation and forced labor, followed by deportations.