The second government of Mariano Rajoy was formed on 4 November 2016, following the latter's election as Prime Minister of Spain by the Congress of Deputies on 29 October and his swearing-in on 31 October, as a result of the People's Party (PP) emerging as the largest parliamentary force at the 2016 Spanish general election.

The cabinet comprised members of the PP and a number of independents.

[4][5] It was dismissed on 1 June 2018 when a motion of no confidence against Rajoy succeeded, but remained in acting capacity until Pedro Sánchez's government was sworn in.

[6][7][8] The only cabinet change of Rajoy's second government took place on 8 March 2018, when Luis de Guindos stepped down as Minister of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness in order to become Vice President of the European Central Bank.

[11][12] Mariano Rajoy's second government was organised into several superior and governing units, whose number, powers and hierarchical structure varied depending on the ministerial department.