Raunkiær plant life-form

[2][3] The original note and the 1907 paper were much later translated to English and published with Raunkiær's collected works.

[4][3][5] Raunkiær's life-form scheme has subsequently been revised and modified by various authors,[6][7][8] but the main structure has survived.

Raunkiær's life-form system may be useful in researching the transformations of biotas and the genesis of some groups of phytophagous animals.

Raunkiær further divided the phanerophytes according to height as Further division was premised on the characters of duration of foliage, i. e. evergreen or deciduous, and presence of covering bracts on buds, for 12 classes.

Farley Mowat, in his book, Never Cry Wolf, described using a Raunkiær's Circle in making a "cover degree" study to determine the ratios of various plants one to the other.

Life forms: (1) Phanerophyte, (2; 3) Chamaephyte, (4) Hemicryptophyte, (5; 6) Geophyte, (7) Helophyte, (8; 9) Hydrophyte. Therophyte and epiphyte are not shown.
Hemicryptophytes
Cryptophyte geophyte
Tillandsia recurvata , an aerophyte