[1] Fraser states that since 1989, the political left has entered a post-socialist period marked by the absence of any credible vision for a just society.
In this absence, claims by subaltern groups for recognition of difference have become “intensely salient… at times eclipsing claims for social equality.”[3] She further observes that 21st century social movements are increasingly defined as cultural groups rather than as economic classes (as was the case prior to the 1990s when a socialist/Marxist analysis dominated leftist ideology).
David Ingram in his book World Crisis and Underdevelopment claims that injustice always implies lack of recognition.
[2] He elaborates that distributive, procedural, and corrective justice frameworks can't be applied to tribal contexts without recognising native peoples' unique experiences with colonisation and political statuses.
[2] Colville scholar Dina Gilio-Whitaker also states that environmental justice frameworks should recognise Indigenous peoples' special legal relationship with the federal government and spiritual interdependence with the Earth.