Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles
[1] Ireland was the first country to set a national framework aided by the report and larger aviation bodies such as the FAA and the EASA quickly followed suit, which eventually led to influential regulations in the United States and Europe.
[2] As of January 2022[update], several countries are working on new regulations, ranging from BVLOS (beyond visual line of sight, or BLOS) operations to unmanned traffic management (UTM) activities, which include the United States, the Europe Union, India, South Korea, Japan, and Australia among others.
[2] Starting on December 31, 2020, the unmanned aircraft regulation in the European Union whereby the first step for a drone operator/ remote pilot would be to register in the country in which they live, or have their main place of business.
[8] In December 2017, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), a global airline trade body, pressed governments to ensure the enforcement of regulations to curb reckless and dangerous flying of recreational drones.
[9] In 2013, a Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) spokesman said that "those operating remotely piloted aircraft should keep them at least 30 m (98 ft) away from structures, buildings, and people, and to check with the local council where they could be used.
ANAC's regulation complements the drone operating rules established by the Airspace Control Department (DECEA) and the National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL).
[16] A1/A3: Required for drones of 250 grams (8.8 oz) or more, a free online exam with 40 multiple-choice questions after registration, and confirming the pilot's identity.
The pilot must be able to deal with various scenarios, e.g. people entering the flight area, manual take-offs and landings, estimating altitudes and distances using external reference values, and returning the drone to the starting point under difficult situations.
In order to allow A3 flights near buildings and recreational areas, e.g. for roof inspections, the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation has outlined a (national) rule that can be followed alternatively: Whenever there are more than 10 persons in circle with a radius of 100 meters, the drone can be flown with a minimum horizontal distance of 150 meters to the center of the circle.
Examples: Flights above 120 meters AGL, no line of sight (drone is controlled through a live video feed), or the vehicle is heavier than 25 kilograms.
[16] While no-fly zones have been declared in Victoria Harbour, the airport, military sites, prisons and in government-run leisure facilities, it was reported that rules were rarely enforced or observed.
[9] The Hong Kong government proposed to introduce regulations that will broadly follow American standards, which might require all drones above a certain weight to be registered.
[17] Information would then made available to law enforcement authorities, and failure to register and tag a drone could be punishable by a US$250,000 (HK$1.95 million) fine or up to three years in jail.
Indonesian Remote Pilot Certified and Drone Expert, Arya Dega, the KKOP is a UAV-restricted area that not included in NDZ or NFZ.
[34] According to the Civil Aviation Bureau in Japan, the term “UA/drone”s refers to any airplane, rotorcraft, glider, or airship which cannot accommodate any person on board and can be remotely or automatically piloted (excluding those lighter than 200 grams, inclusive of the battery weight.
)[34] Any person who intends to operate a UA/drones in the following airspace is required to obtain special permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism.
[34] Furthermore, for security reasons, anyone cannot levitate any flying object including UA/drones, aeroballoons, gliders, flyboards, and jet packs within about 300 meters from the National Diet Building, the official residents of speakers of the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors, the Prime Minister's Official Residence, the Kasumigasekis, the Supreme court, Tokyo Imperial Palace (including Akasaka Imperial Residences), the main offices of political parties, the diplomatic mission offices, nuclear power plants, and other nuclear facilities, as well as buildings used for inter-governmental political forum such as Group of Seven temporarily.
[35] Flying UA/drones above some parks, coasts, and ports including Tottori Sand Dunes is restricted by the by-laws in some prefectures of Japan.
[citation needed] Like many other countries, it is a kind of trespass to fly UA/drones indoors, near above the dwellings, or near above its surrounding soil without the permission of a person with legitimate rights.
[39] The UAV must be flown:[39] In 2012, the Irish Aviation Authority published a document setting out safety requirements for any unmanned aerial system.
[41][42] In Singapore, laws were passed in Parliament in May 2015 to allay concerns over safety, security and privacy surrounding unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
[43] The Unmanned Aircraft (Public Safety and Security) Bill outlines regulations for the safe flying of drones and enforcement action against errant users.
Without a UABTC, UAPL, activity/operator permit during checks by Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore enforcement officers, he or she can face S$20,000 for their first offence.
[47] A growth in the use of UAVs had prompted the SACAA to integrate them into South African airspace, but until regulations were in place, people operating them could be fined up to R50,000 and face up to 10 years prison.
[47] Following discussions between the South African Civil Aviation Authority and key role players such as operators, manufacturers, and other airspace users, a set of draft regulations were submitted to the Minister of Transport for review and approval.
[48] Under the local law as of 2016, drones are banned from many places in the country, especially from the northern parts of Seoul, where key government offices are clustered.
[51] In August 2012, The U.K.'s Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) stated that it will require non-military drones larger than 20 kg to be able to automatically sense other aircraft and steer to avoid them.
[54] On February 20, 2019, The Department for Transport announced a new legislation to extend the ‘no-fly’ zone around airports, banning drones from flying within 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) of runways.
[59][60] Within the United States, the Congress passed a bill in 2012 that mandated the FAA to create a plan for allowing UAS into commercial airspace.
[4] As of 2014[update], obtaining an experimental airworthiness certificate for a particular UAS is the way civil operators of unmanned aircraft are accessing the National Airspace System of the United States.
