Research institute

In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts.

The earliest research institute in Europe was Tycho Brahe's Uraniborg complex on the island of Hven, a 16th-century astronomical laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars.

[3] Thomas Edison, dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park",[4] was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.

In the early 18th century, Peter the Great established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital, St Petersburg.

In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application.

A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods.

After the Second World War and the atom bomb specific research threads were followed: environmental pollution and national defence.