[4] Rice is produced throughout the nation and is believed to have been first domesticated in the surrounding regions of the Yangtze River and the Yunnan-Guizhou highlands of Southern China.

[6]  Over time, these varieties evolved under environmental and cropping conditions into O. Sativa and the subspecies of japonica and indica consumed today.

Early farmers employed fire, bones, and wooden spades to clear marshes of reeds in order to establish rice paddy fields.

The first record of rice has been linked to mythological texts such as Guan Zi from the Shen-Nong era, part of the Xia dynasty in the 21st century BC.

Archaeological evidence in this finding drew upon collecting “samples of radiocarbon data on rice grains, husks, plant remains, and impressions of rice grain in pottery drawn from more than one hundred sites along the 6300-kilometre Yangtze River.”[5]  The oldest sample collected comprised a median age of 11,000 years, found upon clustering in the middle of the Yangtze River in the provinces of Hubei and Hunan in central China.

[5] Techniques such as turning soil into mud to prevent water loss, as well as seed transplantation, have been traced back to China.

Archaeological records note common variants of wild rice were planted in Central and Southern China in antiquity.

[10] Hybrid rice breeding seeks to improve yield and adaptation in response to demand and environmental challenges and was introduced in the 1970s by Yuan Longping.

It also includes parts or all of Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu provinces and suburbs of Chongqing and Shanghai.

[10] Region 3: Southwestern plateau Includes parts or all of Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, Yunnan, Guangxi, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces as well as the Qingzang and Yungui Plateaus.

It also includes the entirety of Beijing, Shandong, and Tianjin, and parts of Anhui, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Henan, and Hebei provinces.

[10] Subtropical This climate is characterised by humidity and warm monsoons, long periods of growth between 180 and 365 days, cumulative temperatures between 2900 and 800 °C, precipitation levels between 580 and 3,000 mm (23 and 118 in), and 700–3000 hours of sunshine.

Rice grown in the north is planted from April to June and harvested from September to October and it contributes about 7 percent to total production.

Annual rice-upland crop rotation systems are commonly used in Central regions such as Hubei, Sichuan, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces, as well as near the Yangtze River Valley.

Transplanting is often done to achieve higher yields and more minor weeding fields, whilst ensuring a uniform rice plant stand.

Manual transplantation does not require costly machinery and is often performed in minor rice patch fields in labour surplus.

[19]  These two methods increase yearly due to labour and time-saving reasons and quickly and cost-effectively provide area revegetation.

The method of the experiment is through an “appropriate increase in seedling density, and a concomitant decrease in Nitrogen fertiliser input” that led to “problems with lodging, quality declines, and environmental pollution”.

As a result, an increase in seedling density created considerable amounts of effective panicles and glumous flowers on rice wheat whilst compensating for the decreased yield of individual plants from fertiliser.

[21] In addition, rice ratooning provides higher grain yield stemming from selecting cultivated high-yielding varieties and improving crop management over time.

[33] Due to the challenge of climate change, it has been observed that the daily mean temperatures for rice production over recent years have increased in a range between 0.8 and 4.1 °C.

[37][34] The challengers and consequences that are imposed by the overuse of fertilisers accounts for a decline in the fertility of arable land mass, water pollution, as well as the erosion of the sustainable development of rice production agriculture.

[33][36][38] The overuse of fertilisers and pesticides interchangeably are what the researchers and scientists in the agriculture field of rice production in China have recognised as "inefficient and excessive".

In rice production and the agricultural sector, pesticides are commonly used to “prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests, weeds, insect infestation, and diseases”.

[38] Pesticides, in this context, play a role in enhancing crop productivity, ensuring food stability, and to reduce a farmer's loss of income due to pest diseases.

[34] Farmers have been reported to have experienced negative health effects on their nervous, digestive, and respiratory systems, leading to chronic diseases and deaths.

Processed rice grains are rich in nutrients, vitamins, and healthy minerals, which is known as "an excellent source of complex carbohydrates".

[41] It is prepared and consumed in a range of forms, including: Milled rice cooked with water by boiling, steaming, and braising.

Also, it can be made into Jiuniang - fermented sweet rice serving as a critical ingredient and flavour for many famous Chinese dishes as a supplement or as a sugar alternative.

[10] Rice brans offer other beneficial alternatives, such as being used for "treating diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, alcoholism, obesity, and AIDS; for preventing stomach and colon cancer; for preventing heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease; for strengthening the immune system; for increasing energy and improving athletic performance".