[1] His areas of specialization included Russia and East-Central Europe (former Soviet Union, post-Soviet states and the Eastern Bloc), military strategy, national security, arms control, and public diplomacy.
Also in 1951, he joined the U.S. Department of State as an intelligence research specialist, a post he held until 1954, when he completed a Ph.D. in political science at the University of Michigan.
In 1958 he went to Munich, Germany, where he served for one year as chief of program analysis for Radio Free Europe.
He returned to the United States in 1959 to become a member of the faculty of Emory University, where he remained until 1969 when he joined the Hoover Institution.
Ambassador to the Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR) negotiations in Vienna, Austria, a position he held until resigning in 1983.