Sir Robert Clayton (1629–1707) was an English merchant banker, politician and Lord Mayor of London.

Robert Clayton was a member of the Scriveners and Drapers Company, an Alderman of Cheap Ward in the City of London (1670–1683), a Sheriff in 1671, Lord Mayor of London (1679–1680), a member of parliament for the City of London or Bletchingley for most of the years 1679 to 1707, Colonel of the Orange Regiment, London Trained Bands (various times, 1680–1702), President of the Honourable Artillery Company (1690–1703), Commissioner of the Customs (1689–1697), an Assistant to the Royal African Company (1672–1681) and a director of the Bank of England (1702–1707).

In the 1690s, Clayton was the head of the earliest known Freemason lodge entirely made-up of non-working masons in London.

[2] As a member of the Court of Assistants to the Royal African Company, Clayton was essentially on the board of directors.

[4] The tomb of Sir Robert and Lady Clayton is in St Mary's church, Bletchingley.