The Xoraxane in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnian: Romi u Bosni i Hercegovini) are the largest of the 17 national minorities in the country, although—due to the stigma attached to the label—this is often not reflected in statistics and censuses.

Due to the social stigma attached to the label, many members of the community refuse to self-identify as such in official surveys and censuses.

Important Roma communities in BiH are living in Brčko, Bijeljina, Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Mostar, Tuzla, Kakanj, Prijedor, Zenica and Teslić.

The worst period for Bosnian Roma came with World War II, when Bosnia and Herzegovina was included in the Nazi-aligned Independent State of Croatia (NDH).

[11] In Socialist Yugoslavia, the situation of Roma improved considerably, as they became officially recognised as a “national minority” and came to enjoy a large degree of security and welfare.

[10][12] During the war in Bosnia of 1992–1995, the Roma suffered mistreatment by all conflict parties, being often considered as agents of the enemy, or forcefully conscripted.

This result remains to be made sustainable, due to the risks of administrative complications linked to cases of temporary migration and the lack of recognition of documents for children born abroad.

Many Roma in BiH still live in informal settlements, without access to water and electricity, as well as collective centres for IDPs.

Public programmes to subsidize employment and self-employment of Roma population have achieved little results, due to the lack of retention of employees at the end of the projects.

Enrolment of Roma children in primary, secondary, as well as higher education has since increased, despite still concerningly high rates of drop-out.

Access to healthcare services remain difficult for a high share of the Roma population in BiH due to administrative and bureaucratic complications.

Lack of school attendance and of registration as unemployment risks leaving many Roma citizens of BiH without health insurance coverage.

Roma representatives take part in the National Minority Councils, legislative advisory bodies at state and entity levels in Bosnia and Herzegovina.