The village is located 26 mi (42 km) southwest of Chicago on the Gateway Wetlands, directly west of the Des Plaines River.

The village of Romeo was first settled on September 14, 1835, on Isle a La Cache, a small island in the Des Plaines River.

The community, along with nearby Joliet, became known as "Stone City" in reference to its prosperous limestone quarries.

The village remained sparsely populated until 1957, when over 600 acres (240 ha) of wetlands along IL-53 became the Hampton Park Subdivision.

Throughout the following decade, the area along Weber Road quickly became suburbanized as several new housing developments were completed.

Romeoville borders the neighboring communities of Bolingbrook, Plainfield, Crystal Lawns, Crest Hill, Lockport and Lemont.