Rosalía Arteaga Serrano (born 5 December 1956) is an Ecuadorian politician who served as the country's first female head of state as acting president for a few days in 1997.

[1] Arteaga announced her intention to stand for secretary-general of the United Nations in the 2021 selection, though incumbent António Guterres was ultimately appointed to a second term in office.

The political forces in Parliament and, notably, the lack of a constitutional norm on vice presidential succession, eliminated by errors of codification during the Durán-Ballén era, did not allow Arteaga to succeed Bucaram.

In the 14 months that Arteaga was part of the Alarcón government, the Vice Presidency lost functions within the state structure and as a development planning body.

With the support of "Forward", a civil society organization, Arteaga announced her intention to seek the position of secretary-general of the United Nations in the 2021 selection.