Rotating wheel space station

[3] In theory, the station could be configured to simulate the gravitational acceleration of Earth (9.81 m/s2), allowing for human long stays in space without the drawbacks of microgravity.

[4] Both scientists and science fiction writers have thought about the concept of a rotating wheel space station since the beginning of the 20th century.

[1] In the 1950s, Wernher von Braun and Willy Ley, writing in Colliers Magazine, updated the idea, in part as a way to stage spacecraft headed for Mars.

The Jupiter mission spacecraft, Discovery One, features a centrifuge for the crew living quarters that provides artificial gravity.

1968: In the six part Doctor Who TV serial The Wheel in Space the titular station is the main setting of the story.

1984: The Peter Hyams directed film 2010 features a battleship-size, Russian built spacecraft (designed by futurist artist Syd Mead), the Leonov, which has a continuously rotating central section, providing an artificial gravity for the occupants.

1985: The novel Ender's Game features a multi-ringed station, called "Battle School," with varying levels of simulated gravity.

1994: The humans in the science fiction series Babylon 5 live in an O'Neill cylinder station using rotating sections to provide artificial gravity.

Earth Alliance space stations such as the Babylon series (hence the name of the series), transfer stations such as the one at Io near the main Sol system jump gate, and EarthForce Omega-Class destroyer spaceships made extensive use of rotating sections to lengthen deployment times and increase mission flexibility as the effects of zero gravity are no longer a concern.

1999: The Japanese manga and anime Planetes has its main story set in "The Seven," the 7th wheel orbital station, and a 9th is under construction by 2075.

2001: In the video-game series Halo created by Bungie, a planet-sized ring is depicted that can harbor Earth-like fauna and environments by simulating gravity through its spinning.

In addition, Arcturus Station, the human seat of government on the galactic stage (not shown in the games, but described in detail) is also mentioned as being a rotating Stanford torus.

2010: In the OVA Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn, the official residence for the prime minister of the Earth Federation "Laplace" was an example of Stanford torus.