The men's coxless pair rowing competition at the 1980 Summer Olympics took place at Krylatskoye Sports Complex Canoeing and Rowing Basin, Moscow, Soviet Union.

[1] The three fastest teams in each heat advanced to the semifinals.

[2] The three fastest teams in the repechage advanced to the semifinals.

[3] The three fastest teams in each semifinal advanced to the final.

[4] This is still the only Olympic final where two sets of twins finished on the podium.