Rozenburg (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈroːzə(m)bʏr(ə)x] ⓘ) is a town and former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland.

On 10 July 2008, the local council decided to disband the municipality and to form a submunicipality of Rotterdam.

Its current form was created out of three separate parts: Rozenburg proper (a former sand bar between Het Scheur and Brielse Maas – part of the Nieuwe Maas river – both being branches of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta), the sand bar Welplaat, and the southernmost part of the Hook of Holland (which was cut off from mainland Holland by the construction of the Nieuwe Waterweg ship canal in 1870 and subsequently was connected to Rozenburg when the remainder of Het Scheur was dammed off).

Rozenburg Island was formed centuries ago from several sand bars in the mouth of the river Maas.

Beginning in the same period, most of the island was given to industrial enterprise, part of the Port of Rotterdam (Botlek and Europoort).