The part of the town within three miles of the Wisconsin River was in the "Indian strip," sold by the Menominees to the U.S. government in the 1836 Treaty of the Cedars.

[1] In 1840 a crew working for the U.S. government surveyed that southern half of the six mile square that would become the town of Rudolph, walking through the woods and crossing the river, measuring with chain and compass.

[2][3] When done, the deputy surveyor filed this general description: Considerable good land on the North East part of this Fractional Township.

Apparently Extensive Bog iron ore bed on same section a short distance above said milling Establishment - specimen appears very rich & heavy.

In 1851 another crew surveyed the section lines of the north half of what would become the town of Rudolph, producing this general description: Maple & Oak are the prevailing Kinds of Timber in this Township although there is some Pine The creeks & streams of water are mostly fed by swamps and are not durable.

The racial makeup of the town was 96.90% White, 0.26% Black or African American, 2.50% Asian, and 0.34% from two or more races.