This event, along with the marriage of Ivan the Terrible to the Kabardian princess Maria daughter of Temruk, lead to Russia's involvement in the politics of the Caucasus.
The Idarovs then directed the tsarist campaigns to the Tyumen Khanate, whose ruler Soltaney, in alliance with the Shamkhal, desperately resisted the united Russian-Kabardian invasion.
[10] After reaching agreements with the Georgian tsar Alexander II, as well as with the Kumyk Qrym-Shamkhal (Vice-Shamkhal, a relative of Shamkhal, who traditionally was considered as an heir to the throne), the Russian army of 5,000 people, under the command of voivode Khvorostinin, departed the Koisinsky fortress and began its advance towards Tarki.
Shamkhal did not negotiate and avoided direct clashes with the Russians, exhausting the latter with small raids and keeping Tarki in a wide blockade.
Russia's intervention was also facilitated by a new request from the Georgians seeking support against the Ottoman Empire and its close regional ally Shamkhalate, which regularly carried out attacks on Iberia.
Trying to take advantage of the favorable political situation (another war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavids began), the tsar's government decided to organize a new expedition to Dagestan.
The army consisted of 10,000 Streltsy, the Yaitsk and Terek Cossacks, local vassals of Moscow (some pro-Russian Kabardian feudal lords and Okotsk murzas).
According to a Dutch merchant Isaac Massa, a total of 50,000 people was led by voivode Ivan Mikhailovich Buturlin (this headcount estimation isn't supported by any other source and is most likely an exaggeration).
Shamkhal Surkhai II retreated to the Avar Khan's strongholds, granting the authority over his army to his enterprising nephew Sultan-Mut.
However, the people of Kumykia and Dagestan, after recognizing the devastation of their lands and many killed countrymen, pushed Sultan-Mut to take decisive action against the retreating Russians.
Shamkhal, explaining his help to Nogais, wrote to the Astrakhan voivodes that "..we, Kumyks, have and cherish our "kunaks" (friends and guests) from the old times of our fathers".
Aiming to make Nogais return under the Russian control, tsar's troops, along with their vassals Kabardians and Cossacks, were sent to Kumykia, again towards Tarki.
There are accounts mentioning that some Swedish mercenaries, left without job after the end of the Thirty Years' War, took part in this battle on the side of Russians.
As Khosrow Khan put it, he received an order from Shah Abbas to cease Sunzha fortress, destroy it, and then "go to Astrakhan without delay".
On the eve of the second campaign, the squadrons of Kabardian Murza Urus Khan Yansokhov's and of his son Shangirey were ordered by Prince Mutsal Cherkassky to reinforce fortress' Russian garrison.
For example, Utamysh Sultanate followed pro-Crimean (pro-Ottoman) orientation, the Shamkhals of Tarki, while losing control of many feudal domains, at some point accepted personal conditional sovereignty of the Russian Empire.
Willing to take advantage of the weakness and turmoil in Iran, the Russian Emperor Peter I set out on a campaign to seize the coast of the Caspian Sea.
The formal reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the murder of Russian merchants in Shamakhi by the Dagestani Imam Hadji-Dawud, who refused to accept allegiance to Russia.
At first, Peter, upon receiving news of the victory, wrote sarcastically to Astrakhan about how his dragoons "captured provisions, and turned the village into fireworks for the fun of its owners".
Later their forces clashed in the Battle on the Inche River , in which the Russians defeated the troops of Sultan Mahmud and his ally Ahmed-Khan of Kaitag.
In the diary of the participant of the campaign, Henry Bruce, he cites Peter I about the soldiers of Sultan Mahmud:[27]"Another prisoner, when he was brought to the tent (of Admiral Apraksin), did not want to answer any of the questions that were addressed to him, then they gave the order to strip him and beat him with whips.
""Having made sure that the goal of Peter I was Derbent, the ally of the Sultan of Utamysh Utsmi Ahmed-Khan of Kaitag submitted a petition to become a Russian subject.
According to the Derbent naib, the three-day assault cost the attackers 400 dead, and only three people from the garrison of 128 soldiers and six Cossacks escaped hiding in the reeds.
[28] On 19 and 21 September, the highlanders stormed a retrenchment near the Rubasa river; the attack was held off, but one of the fortification walls collapsed, and the garrison had to be withdrawn.
The roads have become so dangerous that the commander of the Agrakhan fortification, Colonel Maslov, on 28 August received an order not to send anyone towards the army, since "it is impossible to pass the land among the mountain peoples".
There were attempts of resistance (battles at Issisu, Kumtorkali, Upper Kazanysh), and Russian commanders noted that the enemy "acted fiercely" and the regular troops and buckshot cannons had to be used.
[30] Trying to keep his lands safe from yet another devastating invasion, Adil-Girey surrendered, was exiled to the Kola fortress of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, where his days ended.
[32][33] In 1773, Ali-Sultan of Dzhengutay, the ruler of Kumyk Mekhtulu Khanate, in support of the Kabardian princes who opposed Russia, made a successful campaign to Kizlyar, defeating Russian troops.
Sheikh Mansur was supported by a number of influential princes and by the population of the Northern Kumykia (Kumyk plains and Terek-Sulak interfluve).
The Russian authorities have issued a demand full of threats – to surrender Sheikh Mansur:"...If the Kumyk and Chechen peoples, by turning to the true path, bring repentance, catching a scoundrel, giving him away, then they will be forgiven in everything, left in peace, and three thousand rubles will be given to those who bring him alive, and the head from the dead — will cost five hundred rubles.