Mu'in al-Din Parwana

Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parwāna (Persian: معین الدین سلیمان پروانه), simply known as Parwāna (پروانه; died 2 August 1277), was a Persian[2] statesman, who was for a time (especially between 1261–1277) a key player in Anatolian politics involving the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, the Mongol Ilkhanate and the Mamluks under Baybars.

Raised in a time of trouble after the Battle of Köse Dağ and having received a good education, Suleiman Parwana become commander of Tokat, and later Erzincan.

He married Kaykhusraw's widow Gurju Khatun and became the undisputed master of the declining state, making a name as a great intriguer.

During the Mamluk-Ilkhanid War and especially after the Mamluk hand had strengthened under Baybars, Parwana's policy was characterized by multiple allegiances, all at the same time wishing to keep all his options open.

According to Ibn Shaddad, when Baybars came to Syria in 1275, Parwana played a pivotal role in dissuading him from his plans for invading the Anatolian heartland and directed him rather towards raids in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, persuading him to leave the territories of his sultanate to the following year.

At the news of his troops' defeat, Abaqa hastened to Anatolia (July 1277) and sternly punished the Seljuk Turks, sources citing massacres of tens of thousands of people.